出埃及記第十二課：十誡（二）：出埃及記20章
摩西是聖經里的重要人物之一；“十誡”是中外歷史中最有名的律法之一。也許以下的分析會讓您認識摩西更深而明白“十誡”的意思和重要性。
一。出埃及記20:12-17：第五條至第十條誡命是人對人當負的責任。（頭四個誡命是人對神所當負的責任。）
二。出埃及記20:12：第五條誡命：“當孝敬父母”。
肯定：父母及老人是人們當尊敬 的。家庭是社會最基本的單位；父母是家庭的基礎。
否認和禁止：孩子們不可以違背父母；孩子不可以說父母不配獲得孩子的尊敬。
命令：當孝敬、尊敬、順服、奉養父母。
原則：（1）父母的權柄：在家裡，父母為首。孩子如何孝敬順服父母，家長要敬畏順服天上的父神。父母從神授權管理家庭，所以父母都在神的“管理”之下。因此，父母應該達到神為家庭所立下的標準。父母要守道德使得孩子高高興興的尊敬他們。（2）政府的權柄:人們要尊重政府和法律。
應許：“使你的日子在耶和華你神所賜你的地上得以長久。”（新譯本翻為：“使你在耶和華你的上帝賜給你的地上得享長壽”。）新約里的使徒保羅告訴我們說：“這是第一條帶應許的誡命”（以弗所書6:2）。
聖經舊約孝道：請參看出埃及記21:15,17：“打父母的，必要把那人處死 . . . 咒罵父母的，必要把那人處死”。請參看：箴言15:5；30:17；6:20-23；23:22；利未記19:32。
今天：你如何把此誡命用在自己日常生活上？
三。出埃及記20:13：第六條誡命：“不可殺人”。
肯定：生命是神聖的。人要保護生命。
否認和禁止：謀殺。
命令：不可殺人。“殺人”的定義：（1）故意殺人（創世記4:8；申命記27:24）。（2）用代替者殺人（撒母爾記下11:14-15）。（3）送受賄賂殺人（申命記27:25）。（4）做假見證殺人（申命記19:16-19）。（5）因為忽略而使人死亡（出埃及記21:29；申命記22:8）。（6）自殺。
其他含意：（1）不可自行伸冤（意思是不要報仇：申命記32:35）。（2）不可過於危害他人生命。
不禁止：（1）極刑（創世記9:6）。（2）戰爭。（3）警察執行他的任務。（4）自衛（出埃及記22:2）。（5）意外殺人（申命記19:4-6）。
原則：生命是神聖的。
今天：你如何把此誡命用在自己日常生活上？
四。出埃及記20:14：第七條誡命：“不可姦淫”。
肯定：神設立家庭為一夫一妻。婚外性行為是罪。
否認和禁止：婚外性生活。
命令：婚前保持貞節；婚後保持忠心；一生保持聖潔。
原則：人的身體是神聖的。婚姻和家庭是神聖的。
五。出埃及記20:15：第八條誡命：“不可偷盜”。
肯定：“物”可以屬於私人的；不許別人用任何不合理的手段奪取。
否認和禁止：（1）偷盜。（2）拒絕給所該給的。
命令：不可偷盜。偷盜的定義（包括但不限於以下的）：（1）盜竊。（2）威嚇（創世記25:31）。（3）賭博。（4）偷稅、逃稅。（5）偷懶（尤其在單位）。（6）作弊。（7）偷工減料。（8）偷情。（9）疏忽（因為疏忽而使他人受損：出埃及記22:14-15）。（10）虛偽的陳述（譬如，不準缺的廣告或）。（11）欺騙（譬如，不標準的秤盤：申命記25:13-16）。（12）拒絕把所應該給神的拿給他（瑪垃基書3:8-10）。等等。
原則：要看重私人之物。私人的東西都要屬於私人。
今天：你如何把此誡命用在自己日常生活上？
六。出埃及記20:16：第九條誡命：“不可作假見證陷害人”。
肯定：要說實話。
否認和禁止：在公共場合，在法院，在私下，在任何地方不可以作假見證。
命令：不可作假見證陷害人。
如何違背此誡命？（1）撒謊（列王記上13:18-19）。（2）只說部分真理，使得聽者有錯誤的印象（約書亞記9章；參看撒母耳記上20章）。（3）真假混合在一塊（創世記20:1-13）。（4）提疑問（創世記3:1）。（5）捏造謠言（列王記上21:1-14）。（6）當別人說錯話時，你知道實情，但你閉口不言（以斯帖記4:14）。（7）阿諛奉承，拍馬屁。（士師記9:1-15；使徒行傳12:19-23）。（8）先入為主地懷疑別人的動機（撒母耳記下10:1-4）。
除非在法庭，此誡命不堅決要求把某事情的全部真理講出來（撒母耳記上16:1-3）。
原則：要尊重真理；真理是神聖的。
今天：你如何把此誡命用在自己日常生活上？
七。出埃及記20:17：第十條誡命：“不可貪戀”。（新譯本：“不可貪愛你鄰舍的房屋；不可貪愛你鄰舍的妻子、僕婢、牛驢和他的任何東西”。）
肯定：培養內在美德，讓內在美彰顯在日常人與人之間的關係上（譬如：利未記19:9-18）。箴言4:23：“你要謹守你的心，勝過謹守一切，因為生命的泉源由此而出”。
否認和禁止：貪戀，嫉妒等。
命令：知足。保持好的態度。與快樂的人同樂。
原則：對他人並他們所擁有的，保持好態度。每個人內心要聖潔。
今天：你如何把此誡命用在自己日常生活上？
讀者：歡迎您把這篇短文下載，複印，用在您的《聖經》班裡。
聖經問答
出埃及記第十二課：十誡：出埃及記20章
Bible Study Questions: Exodus Lesson Twelve
Exodus 20: The Ten Commandments /02
作者：謝德華 ©By Edward Short
本文所問的問題使用漢子聖經。
歡迎您把此文下載用在聖經班或私人學習。
A series of Bible lessons, written in Chinese
and based largely on the text of the Chinese Bible.
You may download and print copies of this lesson
for use in your Bible class.
World Christian Broadcasting
Franklin, TN 37067 USA
Bible Study Questions: Exodus Lesson Twelve
Exodus 20: The Ten Commandments /02
1. Ex. 20:12-17: Commandments five through ten encompass responsibilities of man toward his fellow man. (The first four commandments deal with man’s responsibilities toward God.)
2. Ex. 20:12: The Fifth Commandment: “Honor your father and your mother.” Affirms: People should respect their parents and the elderly. The family is the basic unit of society; parents are the foundation of the family. Condemns and prohibits: Children must not disobey their parents; children cannot say that their parents are unworthy of their respect. Commands: Honor, respect, obey and (when they are old) care for parents. Principles: 1) Parental authority: Parents head the home. As children honor and obey their parents, so parents should honor and obey the Father in heaven. Parents receive authority to rule the home, thus parents are subject to God’s “rule.” Therefore, parents should live up to God’s standard for the home. Parents should live morally so that children will honor them happily. 2) Governmental authority: Respect government and law. Promise: “…so that you may live long in the land the LORD your God is giving you.” [The New Chinese Translation is also quoted.] In the New Testament, the apostle Paul says that this is “the first commandment with a promise” (Eph. 6:2). Filial piety in the Old Testament: See Ex. 21:15, 17: “Anyone who attacks his father or mother must be put to death… Anyone who curses his father or mother must be put to death.” See also: Proverbs 15:5; 30:17; 6:20-23; 23:22; Leviticus 19:32.
3. Ex. 20:13: The Sixth Commandment: “You shall not kill.” Affirms: Life is sacred and should be protected. Condemns and prohibits: Murder. Commands: Do not kill people. Definition of “kill”: 1) Intentional murder (Gen. 4:8; Deut. 27:24). 2) Murder by proxy (2 Sam. 11:14-15). 3) Murder by bribery (Deut. 27:25). 4) Murder through false witness (Deut. 19:16-19). 5) Death due to neglect (Ex. 21:29; Deut. 22:8). 6. Suicide. Other implications: 1) Vengeance (Deut. 32:35). 2) Excessive endangerment of human life. Not prohibited: 1) Capital punishment (Gen. 9:6). 2) War. 3) Police duties. 4) Self-defense (Ex. 22:2). 5) Accidental killing (Deut. 19:4-6). zPrinciple: Life is sacred.
4. Ex. 20:14: The Seventh Commandment: “You shall not commit adultery.” Affirms: God established the home to have one husband and one wife. Sexual activity outside of marriage is sin. Condemns and prohibits: Sexual activity outside of marriage. Commands: Purity before marriage, loyalty after marriage, holiness throughout life. Principle: The human body is sacred. Marriage and the home is sacred.
5. Ex. 20:15: The Eighth Commandment: “You shall not steal.” Affirms: “Things” may be owned by individuals; other people may not use any type of inappropriate means to seize them. Condemns and prohibits: 1) Theft. 2) Refusal to give what should be given. Commands: Shall not steal. Definition of “steal” (includes but is not limited to): 1) Theft. 2) Coercion (Gen. 25:31). 3) Gambling. 4) Tax evasion. 5) Laziness (especially in employment). 6) Copying exams. 7) Shoddy construction. 8) Illicit love. 9) Neglect (property left in one’s care: Ex. 22:14-15). 10) False statement (e.g. false advertisement). 11) Cheating (e.g., inaccurate scales, Deut. 25:13-16). 12) Refusing to give to God that which he should receive (Malachi 3:8-10). Etc. Principal: Respect private property of others. Private property should belong to them.
6. Ex. 20:16: The Ninth Commandment: “You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor.” Affirms: Tell the truth. Condemns and prohibits: In public settings, in court, in private, in any situation, one must not give false testimony. Commands: Must not give false testimony against one’s neighbor. How does one break this command? 1) By lying (1 Kings 13:18-19). 2) By telling only part of the truth and misleading the hearer (Joshua 9; cf. 1 Samuel 20). 3) By mixing truth with falsehood (Gen. 20:1-13). 4) By raising a question (Gen. 3:1). 5) By gossip (1 Kings 21:1-14). 6) By remaining silent when falsehood is being spoken and one knows the truth (Esther 4:14). 7) By flattery (Judges 9:1-15; Acts 12:19-23). 8) By judging one’s motives (2 Sam. 10:1-4). Unless in a court of law, this command does not obligate one to tell the entire truth about a given situation (1 Samuel 16:1-3). Principal: Respect truth; truth is sacred.
7. Ex. 20:17: The Tenth Commandment: “You shall not covet.” [The New Chinese Translation is also quoted, similar to the NIV]: “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or his manservant or maidservant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor.” Affirms: Develop an inner moral beauty which should be displayed in one’s daily life (e.g., Leviticus 19:9-18). Proverbs 4:23: “Above all else, guard your heart, for it is the wellspring of life.” Condemns and prohibits: Covetousness, jealousy, etc. Commands: Contentment, good attitude. Rejoice with those who rejoice. Principle: Have a good attitude toward others and their possessions. Holiness of the inner person.
本課之部分資料來自Thomas Warren博士。他是我研究所的倫理教授。Some of the material in this lesson is based on class notes I took when studying Ethics in graduate school under Dr. Thomas Warren. 我記得Warren博士時常提到The Master Bible。Dr. Warren made reference to The Master Bible which he seemed to like very much.